pollution of the atmosphere prevents heat accumulated on the Earth from escaping into space: these are the results of the study published in the journal Science, which once again confirm the heating the planet. Scientists from NASA, Columbia University and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, through studies on the ocean, came to the conclusion that the Earth absorbs from the Sun much more energy than it releases. An energy imbalance measured in 0.85 watts per square meter, which will by the end of the century to a
further increases in temperature. A natural phenomenon
The so-called greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon, always existed, without the gas present in the atmosphere that trap heat, the average temperature on Earth would drop to -18 ° C. With the industrial revolution, however, more than one hundred years ago, delicate balance has been altered: the consumption of oil has increased enormously and, with them, the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere that began to trap excessive heat. Overheating caused adverse effects on the environment chain. In the last century the temperature has risen between 0.6 and 1 ° C (this value may vary depending on the research considered). The average sea level has risen between 10 and 25 cm, the glaciers are melting, deserts are advancing and occur most often extreme weather events.
The evidence of the increase in temperature resulted in 1988 to establish the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change), the UN scientific body: 2 000 scientists from over 160 countries, have been commissioned to study climate change, its causes, the contributions of human activities and find fenomeno.Sulle solutions to stop the directives of these studies was drawn up in 1997, the Japanese city of Kyoto, an international agreement to regulate emissions of the main greenhouse gas. To become binding, the Kyoto Protocol must be signed by industrialized countries and their sum emission of greenhouse gases would exceed 55% of the total emissions of the planet. He had to wait until this year: thanks to the signing of the Russia and the sum of its share, amounting to 17.4% has exceeded the prescribed ceiling, reaching a total of 61.6%.
TO SAVE THE CLIMATE
The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February: 141 signatory countries, of which 39 industrializzati.Ogni acceding State, 2008-2012, will decrease the percentage shares variables, compared to 1990 levels, atmospheric emissions of six greenhouse gases. The reduction in expected average for industrialized countries is 5.2% from 8% of the European Union, 6% in Japan. The United States, which by themselves produce 23.5% of global greenhouse gases, have joined: the restrictions imposed, a reduction in emissions by 7%, would damage their economy too. An American citizen entering each year, more than 20 tons of carbon dioxide, compared to 7.18 tons and an Italian one, 68 tons of a Nigerian.
caring for the planet Since much of the damage in terms of emissions are caused by modern industrial production chain, c 
Modific ations substantial in this area, also to a change in mentality. There can be no economic development that disfigures the planet, which is compatible with the needs of the environment. Member members have committed themselves to implement industrial policies and environmental, by controlling and reducing emissions of polluting gases in the atmosphere, will reduce global warming. To reduce emissions will require a costly restructuring and modernization of industrial technologies, which will focus mainly on improving the efficiency of power plants on the development of renewable energy instead of burning oil that emit carbon dioxide, energy saving and the increase woodlands which absorb carbon dioxide.
Modific ations substantial in this area, also to a change in mentality. There can be no economic development that disfigures the planet, which is compatible with the needs of the environment. Member members have committed themselves to implement industrial policies and environmental, by controlling and reducing emissions of polluting gases in the atmosphere, will reduce global warming. To reduce emissions will require a costly restructuring and modernization of industrial technologies, which will focus mainly on improving the efficiency of power plants on the development of renewable energy instead of burning oil that emit carbon dioxide, energy saving and the increase woodlands which absorb carbon dioxide. THE BAG OF SMOKE
Who, by 2012, will not have fulfilled the agreed reduction targets, will have to pay fines of € 40 per tonne dioxide carbonica.Per solve this problem, have been thought too way out, the so-called "flexible mechanisms "through the stock exchange of emissions (emissions trading), you can buy quotas from countries with carbon credits, which have produced that is less than the allowable limit. One ton of carbon dioxide costs € 10-12, but it is expected that in future prices saliranno.In Alternatively, to get "discounts" and remain so within the parameters established by the Treaty, can be achieved in other countries works improvements in energy and environment, for example, through interventions forestazione.Il delay dell'ItaliaDovrà probably make extensive use of flexible mechanisms Italy, which would reduce its share by 6.5%, but is in marked delay and it even increased the emissioni.Inoltre, it is the duty of every State to set up, according to the census, a plan for emissions, which indicate the strategies that follow are intended to cut greenhouse gases, divided into different sectors responsible for their production (power plants, industry, agriculture, transport, housing ...). The environmental groups also denounced the backwardness of Italy at this time.
SUN, WIND, WATER AND LAND
It is said that to reduce emissions should be sought even on so-called renewable energy, which is generated without releasing carbon dioxide, unlimited and available over the entire surface terrestre.Queste energies are produced by the sun (solar thermal for water heating and photovoltaic conversion into electricity), wind, water and earth (biomass, ie agricultural residues, forestry and livestock , which can be used directly as fuel or transformed by conversion plants, geothermal heat extracted from the ground). The Germany, with 40% of wind farms in the world, is the largest producer of wind energy, photovoltaics is second only to Japan. Already 250 000 new jobs were created in Spain, Denmark and Germany with the market development of renewable sources. According to Greenpeace, today in Italy renewables account for 2.5% of total energy production. A European directive of October 2001 (2001/77/EC) sets for each state's share of energy consumption in 2010 will be met by renewable energy: 25% for Italy.
only the first step
According many researchers, the goals set by the Kyoto Protocol, even if they are respected, are not sufficient to solve the problems arising from climate warming Terra.Gli same IPCC scientists believe that in order to stabilize concentrations of greenhouse gases at current levels should reduce emissions by as much as 60-80%. The research 
bulls warn that we can not expect miracles: the greenhouse effect will continue to be felt even after emissions decreased, because the permanence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere varied between 120-200 years. It will take so long before the climate return to the Protocol relating to critical normalità.Le also be exempted from obligations to reduce emissions of non-industrialized countries: some, like China, India and Brazil, have increased so fast that within a few decades will become the main polluters. The entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol is still an important milestone because it marks a growing awareness of the situation and a first movement in the right direzione.La first phase of the Protocol, which expires in 2012, will be followed by a second, whose Details are still under discussion. Should involve all countries in the world, and provide for a reduction in emissions compared to current levels of around 60%.
bulls warn that we can not expect miracles: the greenhouse effect will continue to be felt even after emissions decreased, because the permanence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere varied between 120-200 years. It will take so long before the climate return to the Protocol relating to critical normalità.Le also be exempted from obligations to reduce emissions of non-industrialized countries: some, like China, India and Brazil, have increased so fast that within a few decades will become the main polluters. The entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol is still an important milestone because it marks a growing awareness of the situation and a first movement in the right direzione.La first phase of the Protocol, which expires in 2012, will be followed by a second, whose Details are still under discussion. Should involve all countries in the world, and provide for a reduction in emissions compared to current levels of around 60%. Pergamon Journal of Earth Observing 
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