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THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND THE LAND

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland North America (in English: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) is a state in Western Europe. The United Kingdom was formed by a series of Acts of Union that met different countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Much of Ireland seceded in 1922 forming the Irish Free State (now Republic of Ireland), the rest is still under the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland is called. The UK is situated off the west coasts of northern Europe, surrounded on the east by the North Sea, English Channel from the south, and west by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. They are under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom, Channel Islands, Isle of Man and a large number of overseas territories . Britain is the geographical name island comprising England, Wales and Scotland which is often improperly used to consider the entire state. British Isles is the geographical name of the archipelago, including Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Isle of Wight, Orkney, the Hebrides, the Shetland Islands to the Channel Islands and others.
The UK has fourteen territories also left a legacy from the ancient colonial empire as Bermuda, Gibraltar, Pitcairn Islands, the Falkland Islands and the British territories in Antarctica and the Indian Ocean. Queen Elizabeth II is still the queen of 15 members Commonwealth including Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Jamaica.
After the end of the great colonial empires and the decline of its influence in the world, the United Kingdom has remained a great power. Member of the G8, the United Kingdom is a country the most developed of the world, its economy, with GDP estimated at 2.2 trillion dollars, is the fifth in the world and second in Europe. It is the third most populous state in Europe after Germany and France with a population of 60.2 million inhabitants, a founding member of NATO and the UN which is a permanent member of the Security Council with veto power. The UK is one of the greatest military powers the world and has the weapons nuclear.

GEOGRAPHICAL

The United Kingdom comprises the whole island of Great Britain and about one-sixth of the island of Ireland. It 's divided into four nations, known at home as a Home Nations
The only country that borders the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.
Most of the territory of England is characterized by hills and plains divided from east to west by several chains of hills. From North to South the most important are: Cumbrian Mountains, the Pennine, the hills of the Peak District, the Cotswolds and the Chilterns. The main rivers are the Thames, the Severn, the Trent, the Humber and the Tyne. Major cities are London, Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield, Liverpool, Lincoln, Leeds, Bristol and Newcastle upon Tyne.
Wales is mostly mountainous, north-west rise the mountains of Snowdonia to reach the maximum height of Wales with Mount Snowdon, 1,085 meters high. In the central region rise the Cambrian Mountains and south-east of the Brecon Beacons ones. North Wales is the island of Anglesey. The capital and main city of Cardiff is located in the southern part of the country.
The territory of Scotland is characterized by plains in eastern and southern parts of mountains, including Ben Nevis, 1,343 feet, and highlands in northern and western parts. There are numerous lakes and deep fjords. Scotland includes a large number of islands off the western and northern coasts: The Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland islands. The major cities are Edinburgh, Glasgow and Aberdeen.
Northern Ireland in the north-east Ireland is mostly hilly. The largest cities are Belfast and Derry.

TERRITORIAL ORGANISATION
The United Kingdom is one state which includes England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland in the British Isles. The UK also includes some other areas, sometimes in post-colonial regime: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory, Cayman Islands Falkland (or Malvinas Islands, also called Islas Malvinas), South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Orkney Islands, Isle of St. Helena, Turks and Caicos Islands, British Virgin Islands, military bases of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus.
The Isle of Man, in spite of what many people believe, is not part of the United Kingdom but is a direct dependency of the British Crown, and the Channel Islands (Channel Islands) have a similar status belonging to the king ' England as Duke of Normandy. The Orkney and Shetland, however, are just part of Scotland. The United Kingdom's political and commercial relations with many other Commonwealth countries.

ORGANIZATION POLICY

The Political System of the United Kingdom is composed of a complex set of parliamentary government, monarchy and democracy coexist in a multiparty system. The Prime Minister is head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government, the legislative both the government and the two chambers of Parliament, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative.
The system of government of the United Kingdom, known as the Westminster system has been adopted by other countries such as Canada, India, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia and Jamaica, which were once part of the British Empire. The Constitution does not
is encrypted and is derived from the constitutional conventions, laws and other sources. Some
pote re have been devolved to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

The chief of the theoretical source of executive, legislative and judiciary branches of the United Kingdom is the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. However, sovereignty no longer resides in the monarch from 1689, the year of approval of the Bill of Rights, which established the principle of parliamentary sovereignty. Nevertheless, the monarch remains head of state, similar in function to a president of a parliamentary republic.
Originally, the monarch had any citizen the right to choose British Prime Minister as his and he could summon and dissolve Parliament when it deemed appropriate. However, according to the current "unwritten constitution", the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons and the Parliament can be dissolved as soon as it sees fit. The monarch has the power to refuse the royal assent to bills passed by Parliament, this power is not exercised by 1708 and, if implemented today, would cause a serious constitutional crisis. Queen Anne was the last monarch to exercise this power on 11 March 1708, a decree on sending the army in Scotland. The other powers gifts, called royal prerogative shall be exercised by Prime Minister and Cabinet, with the explicit consent of the monarch. Today, the Sovereign
mainly a ceremonial role in the use of limited power to conventions and public opinion. The monarch, however, continues to exercise three essential rights: the right to be consulted, the right to counsel and the right to warn. The Prime Minister held confidential weekly meetings with the monarch.
In formal terms, the Crown in Parliament as the sovereign means in practical terms the political head of the UK is the Prime Minister. However, the real powers of the position of the British monarch in the constitution should not be underestimated. The monarch has some powers to be used but with discretion. He is the necessary role of head of state and, in the absence of a distinct separation of powers and a strong lower house, acts as a final check of executive power. If, hypothetically, the approval of a bill threatening freedom and security of British citizens, the monarch could refuse the royal assent, free from the current political parties. In addition, it would be difficult for Parliament or for the Government to remove the monarch, since he is commander in chief of the armed forces swear allegiance to him.

Pergamon Journal of Earth Observing

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'IN RED: MORE' RESOURCE CONSUMPTION

Earth this year will also lend to her, but it is a high-risk and may not last long, because otherwise you go bankrupt label. This is the alarm raised by the Global Network of the ecological footprint, which calculates the impact they have on agricultural land, pastures, forests and fishing areas and compares with those ecosystems that have the ability to generate new resources and absorb waste we produce. Result: the human demands exceed the capacity of about one third of the planet. Consume the equivalent of the amounts generated from 1.3 Earths. And since we have only one, the 0.3 was too much can be imagined as a kind of debt with the ecosystem.
"Humanity is living beyond the limits of your card Credit label - says Mathis Wackernagel, director of the network -. And if you spend more money than you earn in a bank leads to financial debt, to use more than what the planet can re-create an ecological debt each year and over time leads to the depletion of basic resources on which the ' human economy. " From the mid-80s, say the studies Ecological Footprint, man consumes more resources than the Earth which results. Progression was in '96 that if overfishing was 15% and the ecological debt began to accumulate in November, we are now at an altitude of resources consumed in excess of 30% of those available and the "ecological debt day" in which is calculated to have exhausted the resources the planet can produce this year, shooting Oct. 6. It was yesterday.
Of course, all this is valid if you agree to think in terms of carbon footprint. That is, if you take this to be good indicator of environmental sustainability 'synthetic' (because it attempts to integrate different information to each other), who as U.S. units per acre of biologically productive land, and is continually changed and refined by researchers apply it. No government and no UN agency implemented systems to gauge how extensive the use of human nature than the capacity of ecosystems. The make some ecologists, and often the results obtained are very significant differences. "It is a method that has sparked much debate among scholars of sustainability," he admits as an environmentalist Tony Long, WWF Italy. In fact, the system is complicated. Analysis on consumption of food and materials, the amount of energy "contained" in a basket of products marketed in the world and the one generated locally biocapacity estimates from various countries. So the surface is measured by land or sea required to produce the resources a given population and uses - in the case of energy - the surface used to absorb carbon dioxide. But it is brutalizing the sum of six ingredients: the cultivated land to grow food, grazing areas used for animal products, forests provide wood and paper needed to, areas used for marine fish and food in general, the land required to accommodate the infrastructure building; forests which serve to absorb CO2 emissions.
the first to think it was William Rees, an ecologist at the University of British Columbia (Canada). By Mathis Wackernagel, in the late 80s, was trying to overcome the problems Cuni calculation of 'carrying capacity' of the human species, which in the study of ecology measures the maximum share of the population that area can bear. Instead of asking how many people the Earth can support, Wackernagel and Rees you were asked which area of \u200b\u200bproductive land was used by a population. An example: the Italians, given the levels of consumption and waste generation, rely on an area of \u200b\u200bbiologically productive hectares which is three times the size of the boot. "We have an almost twice the world average - says Simone Bastianoni, University of Siena -. If everyone on Earth had a way of life and level of our consumopari to meet their needs would need 2.3 planets. "
The idea is this: not only has the number of heads (the population), but also the size of the feet (as it weighs on Earth). The Living Planet Report 2006 says that the biological capacity of the global ecosystem production is 1.8 hectares per capita, while the footprint is 2.2. With huge differences from country to country. The U.S. has a biological capacity per capita of 4.7, 9.6, and then an impression of a deficit of 4.8, while Brazil's biological capacity to 9.9 hectares per capita production and a footprint of 2.1 , with the balance largely active. Italy, needless to say, is badly placed: few resources, 1.0, or 4.2 impact, ecological debt set at -3.1 hectares of biologically productive land per capita. Usually, At this point, those who follow our footprints on the planet says that consumption off-budget "like these are possible because billions of people have access to a paltry share of resources. And so are unsustainable.

Pergamon Journal of Earth Observing

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EU: STOP THE AIR that pollutes BURMA

By 2012 the company at a crossroads: either espouse the cause or can no longer fly in our skies
Brussels, European Union

new episode of clash on climate change between Europe and the United States. This time the battle was to trigger the cut aviation emissions: the U.S., backed by Australia and China, have led the mutiny on the rest of the world against the proposed EU to apply binding ceilings on emissions of CO2 in the air sector, provoking a confrontation in the coming years will lead to war.
The Old Continent, in fact, by 2012 will put the non-EU airlines face a crossroads: either accept the fight against climate change or will no longer fly over our skies. A position that Brussels considers justified by the attitude of the Bush administration, which also in negotiations after the Kyoto Protocol heroism refuses to adopt binding targets for cutting emissions.
The clash in the skies was broadcast in Montreal, where the last two weeks delegations from around the globe attended the meeting of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). On one side were ranged the EU governments, supported by 15 other countries of the European Conference of aviation, including Switzerland, Norway and Iceland, on the other the anti-environmentalist, led by the United States, Australia, China and Saudi Arabia . At the heart of the negotiations was to implement the European strategy for scheduled air emissions scheme such as that provided by Kyoto, a cap to be imposed on companies polluting gases EU in 2011 and the following year to the rest of the world operating in Europe.
The measure is part of the EU strategy against global warming (And cataclysms that will result from it), whose objective is to contain the rise in temperatures to 2 degrees C above pre-industrial era. And the airline industry is called upon to do its part, saw that already contribute to 3% of harmful emissions, a figure set to rise with the increase in air traffic will double by 2020.
"We are disappointed by the outcome of negotiations and we think that the ICAO has abdicated its leadership in combating climate change, a fact that worries us greatly," said Portugal's Luis Fonseca de Almeida, representative of the Union in the negotiations in Montreal . In fact, in the final resolution adopted in the Canadian city of mandatory target for cutting emissions is spoken only as "possible aspiration."
But there's more text, some observers adopted by the "manipulation" of the hawks on the other delegations, indicates that Europe will impose emissions caps only in the presence of bilateral agreements with countries of the airlines.
short, a rejection in the round that Brussels and its allies, very hard by the stubbornness of the audience refused a formal reservation. Translated in simple terms: in 2012 Europe will impose unilaterally cut emissions even to foreign companies, which will have to adapt if they want to continue to fly over our skies. Who will not agree, is the belief of the lawyers of the EU Commission, will have no chance of winning any appeal in court.
Meanwhile in Brussels in the coming months we will prepare for the clash with the text of the plan that will examine aviation dell'Europarlamento and governments with the goal of being approved in 2008.
And even if its application to the pockets of passengers could cost up to € 40 per ticket (maximum amount for longer runs), do not expect a drop in passengers or substantial damage to the continental tourism.

Pergamon Journal of Earth Observing