Silvercity Ottawa Imax

Solar power: a plan for the central

The hope is that this is the beginning of a turnaround. The Minister for the Environment, Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio, has set up a task force led by Nobel laureate Carlo Rubbia, who will start the CSP in Italy. Or rather, indicate the way forward to try to imitate other European countries such as Spain, Germany, or some U.S. states, like California. It is no longer only a few solar panels on the roofs (which also should be many more). The concentration used in solar thermal parabolic trough collectors and configure the real "central" power, but of course clean and emission-free. For nearly 20 years in nine major operating systems of its kind in California for a total electric power of more than 350 megawatts. In Europe, Spain has since 2004 initiated a program for the industrial production of about thirty stations for a capacity of 1,300 megawatts per hour. Each of these plants parabolic collector consists of a parabolic reflector, a mirror or glass that can concentrate sunlight on a receiver tube in the focus of the parabola. "The technology - Rubbia says - does not compete with photovoltaics, and that 'a solution within a territory, or with the wind. These are large systems capable of storing energy, "and operate even in bad weather. Among other things, stresses Rubbia, for the construction of these facilities do not necessarily need a financial commitment from the government: the development of this technology can be based on a system of self-financing by industry.

Pergamon Journal of Earth Observing

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The EU energy plan

The College of Commissioners of the European Commission has approved the package of legislative proposals to combat climate change. The proposals, grouped under five different laws, are intended to operationalize the commitments made in March last year by the European Union for a reduction in CO2 emissions by 20% by 2020, an increase the share of energy produced from renewable sources by 20% and an increase in usage share of biofuels in transport by 10%.

The legislative package presented by the European Commission to reduce the EU's CO2 emissions by 20 percent by 2020, the proposal is "more ambitious" made by the Commission for many years but implement it will cost less than 0.5 percent of GDP or about € 3 per person by 2020, said European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso. "The additional effort needed to implement the proposals would be less than 0.5% of GDP by 2020 - has Barroso said - about 3 euro per person per week: a real commitment but not a bad deal. " In fact, he reminded the Chief Executive Community, 'even in the most optimistic assumptions of the Stern report the cost of inaction is greater than ten times, and each day that the price of oil and gas increases the real cost of the package decreases. Instead of costs, Barroso added, "we should speak of the gains for the EU," because the proposals are calibrated to "ensure an equal playing field, leaving the more ; wide margin possible for Member States' and ensuring that "the request to the poorer Member States is realistic, but all will contribute in line with their ability to invest."
Mr Barroso confirmed that the industries will have higher energy consumption of greenhouse gas emission allowances for free in the new system of trading emissions permits that will be introduced from 2013. That, unless there is an international agreement on reducing emissions in the negotiations on climate change to the scheme following the period covered by the Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012). "We all know that there are areas where the cost of reducing emissions could have a real impact on their competitiveness in relation to companies competing in countries that do not do anything (to cut greenhouse gases, ed.) It makes no sense - says Barroso - be rigorous in Europe if it meant moving production to countries that let you do what you want with emissions. An international agreement is the best way to address this issue, but we must also give legal certainty to companies that we are taking the necessary actions, "concluded the President of the European Commission.

With the implementation of the proposals the European Commission for a 20 percent share of energy produced from renewable sources by 2020 will be created in Europe, according to Barroso said, one million new jobs. The effort
asked Italy in Brussels against the plan that Italy serra.prevede gas cuts 13% of C02 emissions in sectors not included in emissions trading scheme (ETS) increased by 17% energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020 compared to 2005 levels., unveiled today in Brussels.

Pergamon Journal of Earth Observing

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Help the Earth!

Scientists in different fields working on theoretical arguments have as their sole instrument in writing. You all very simple, at least in appearance. Scientists who do experiments instead of working in the laboratory. The laboratory could be the entire world, or space, or even a small closet. It always has been and will continue to be so. But if you ask scientists what to study in the future - say ten or twenty years -, meet can be difficult, if not impossible. If you return to the beginning of the twentieth century and did the same questions, we are in exactly the same situation: even then he had no idea what the future had in store. There were certainly people who have had enough ideas to guess, though there is no technical capability to explain in detail how their insights, albeit based on physical principles, then they could work. It was the science fiction writers.

Jules Verne gave us a picture of life in submarines, with lots of divers who were walking on the ocean depths. He also foreshadowed a good trip to the moon, but in this case only vaguely knew what problems entailed in a rocket to overcome the force of gravity on Earth. In addition to having "invented" the Invisible Man, HG Wells described a war between a culture alien and the earth's population, and in this case we know little about how they were considering the possibility in strictly scientific terms. There were also scientists who could see the potential that science itself had in it. Their great ideas are the basis of much of current technology.

Guglielmo Marconi is one of them. Still young, he knew that radio waves could be sent over long distances and could prove it by transmitting signals between Canada and Ireland. Wilhelm Roentgen, however, did not know what would have developed imaging and Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr could not predict the discovery of subatomic particles or magnetic resonance. All this confirms that the future of scientific discovery is not predictable, although we can imagine where they might arise from some new and important knowledge. Another crucial question concerns the role that scientists have in a social context. How will you use the information they collect? There will perhaps be someone who will order them to collect such information? (A prospect, this, not very happy).

Take Albert Einstein, probably the most famous scientist of the twentieth century both for his own colleagues is for ordinary people. His ability to clearly assess problems outside of physics and talk about it with great force and decision of what was truly remarkable. Gladly met the personalities of his time there a memorable series of photographs of him with Charlie Chaplin when they were both at the height of his fame. But Einstein, along with another physicist, Leo Szilard, helped lead the U.S. government to build atomic bombs to achieve the destruction of the Nazi armies during the Second World War. At the end of the war was won, but things went in a slightly 'different from what would have hoped. Should it be another great war in which one of the parts used in nuclear weapons, the environment-and our future-would be seriously threatened. I remain convinced that scientists should act to encourage governments to use their expertise in making decisions that affect our society.

I do not think that scientists should be limited only to scientific advice: they should also indicate what is the optimal use of their knowledge. In the United States have been encouraged to give our politicians the information we have, and explain how they can be used profitably in making policy decisions. We say that the "stalemate" in the last 62 years has prevented a nuclear war continues. But how can we tackle the growing environmental problems in the United States were highlighted for the first time in 50 years by the biologist and writer Rachel Carson? Fossil fuels will inevitably run out. It will take 100 years, maybe more. Or maybe not, given that countries that have control of most of our fossil fuel rely on it for their development. We must find a way to make clean the emissions of these fuels, which is currently very expensive, and try not to have to rely on them for transportation and heating.

We can use hydropower, geothermal and wind for heating and other uses, but not for transportation. Even nuclear energy for peaceful uses would be acceptable if we could find out how to dispose of waste. Have considerable importance to the genetic modification of bacteria, which are useful to clean up industrial waste, or those made on foods that can feed the masses of hungry people in the world. In Europe, genetically modified food can save farmers the cost of pest control insect pests and ensure that products are edible (not the cheap imitations that keep the color but not the taste) remain fresh longer, without constant refrigeration and no waste due to rapid deterioration. The benefit

caused to many people is a subject-both biological and economic - to promote the use of genetic engineering. And finally, how to imagine the future? Perhaps full of vehicles to electric power and a population of intelligent robots in our service? These sound like ridiculous ideas. The important thing, the real truth is that - if not destroy the planet first - the beautiful unpredictability science will give us new perspectives on how to make hydrogen, and in general on how to use elements in ways that previously were not taken into account.

Pergamon Journal of Earth Observing

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Trip in Scotland

This year, I will Organise a trip to Scotland, a country immersed in the beautiful nature and in the Traditions. The trip will take 5 days, the best period is Probably in May or June, in the other months it's too cold or rainy.

The first day I'll take to fly direct flights from Milan's Malpensa Airport to Edinburgh and I'll stay at the Old Waverley Hotel, a Victorian hotel located on Princes Street, the main shopping street in Edinburg. Late in the morning, I’ll visit the city: the Edimburg Castle, the most famous of Scottish castles, that houses the Honours (Crown Jewels) of Scotland and the Stone of Destiny used for the coronation of the Scotland kings , the Royal Mile probably Edinburgh’s oldest street, that connects the Castle with Linlithgow Castle , a favoured residence of the Stewart kings and queens, where Mary Queen of Scots borned in 1542. In the afternoon I’ll do shopping in the center of the town, we can buy typical scots products as shetland pullovers, tweed jackets, single malt whisky and smoked salmon.

The second day I will leave by car for the “Granite City” of Aberdeen, Scotland’s third largest city, where I’ll stay at the Thistle Aberdeen Caledonian, a modern hotel in the city center. In the afternoon I will visit Balmoral Castle that was purchased by Queen Victoria’s consort Prince Albert in 1852 and remains the favourite summer residence of Royal Family and Dunnotter Castle, impressive ruins on a cliff top overlooking the North Sea where in 1650 the crown jewels of Scotland were hidden for safekeeping when Oliver Cromwell invaded.

The third day I’ll drive to Inverness, the capital of Highlands, I choose the Best Western Palace Hotel situated in a lovely spot- overlooking the River Ness and the Castle and ideal to explore the area. I will visit: Dunrobin Castle with his gardens based on Versailles; Loch Ness probably the best-known Scottish loch, thanks to its famous resident -Nessie- the elusive Loch Ness monster and Urquhart Castle, one of the largest in Scotland, built in the 1230s, was blown up in 1692 to prevent it falling into Jacobite hands, what’s left is a ruin jutting out into the loch; Cawdor a superb fairy-tale Castle, a magical name, romantically linked by Shakespeare with Macbeth.

The fourth day, soon in the morning, I will leave for Glasgow, on the road I will stop to visit Eilean Donan’s forbidding crenellated tower rises from the water’s edge, joined to the shore by a narrow stone bridge and with sheer mountains as a backdrop, one of the most iconic images of Scotland; the neo-Gothic Inveraray Castle built in 1745, that remains the family home of the Dukes of Argyl and Stirling Castle, once the residence of Scottish kings, perches atop a long-extinct volcano, here Mary Steward spent her childhood and her coronation took place in the Chapel Royal in 1543, still here Mary’s son, the future James VI, was baptized. In the evening I’ll get to Glasgow and I’ll go to the Sherbrooke Castle a baronial castle style hotel in the most prestigious of residential areas.

The fifth day it’s time to visit Glasgow, another important town in Scotland. I’ll go to the Cathedral allegedly located where the patron saint of Glasgow, Saint Mungo, built his church, it’s a superb example of Gothic architecture and one of the few Scottish medieval churches to have survived the Reformation unscathed, I’ll visit the University , founded in 1451 is the second oldest in Scotland and the fourth in the English-speaking world, it’s a ecclesiastical foundation and last the Glasgow Science Centre a major visitor attraction, located on the south bank of the river Clyde, it is a purpose built science centre comprising of three principal buildings: a science mall with general science learning exhibits, to the Glasgow Tower and IMAX cinema, late in the evening I 'll leave for the airport WHERE I'll take a direct flight to Milan Linate.

Pergamon Journal of Earth Observing

Svr 2009 Jeff Hardy Caw

degrade the quality of food

Bad news for vegetarians. Even the food grown will suffer the negative consequences of climate change: wheat, rice, barley and potatoes are less nutritious. Because of global warming crops - to which the lives of billions of people - will give products with a lower protein intake. At least that suggest more than 40 scientific studies that have focused their attention on how the increase in carbon dioxide the atmosphere can alter the nutritional properties of wheat, rice and barley, according to a report in New Scientist.

crops, so far there has been limited to calculating the collateral damage related to the greenhouse effect: cyclones, storms and droughts. How can we forget the last flood in Bangladesh which has left some 4,000 dead and 20 million displaced? Losing a collection of a whole nation is very serious indeed. But even worse would be the depletion of protein in many plant needed by man.

To evaluate the quantity protein lost from the plants with the increase of carbon dioxide in the air were researchers at Southwestern University in Georgetown (Texas), led by Daniel Taub. To obtain reliable data, the team sprayed the plants grown in open fields, with the gas in various concentrations. And the results are not exactly comforting. For wheat, barley, rice and potatoes treated with carbon dioxide levels recorded protein decreased by 15% for high concentrations of CO2.

According to Taub, this occurs because incorporating more carbon, plants are stimulated to produce proteins at the expense of carbohydrates. The consequences such a change would damage the relatively developed populations, who are used to recruit proteins with the meat. On the other hand, would create a serious problem in many populations, less developed, which base their diet on the products of the earth. For example, in Bangladesh, 80% of the protein that people assume comes from the story.

study these drastic changes occur for carbon dioxide concentrations higher than those currently present in our atmosphere. Concentrations Taub hopes to never reach. Otherwise, the problem would be resolved by increasing levels of nitrogen in the soil. Arnold Bloom, a biologist at the University of California at Davis, In fact, the nitrogen helps the plants to produce proteins. It must be said, however, that not all scientists are so pessimistic: the link between climate and vegetation gave variable results in fact, not certain.

Pergamon Journal of Earth Observing

Felt Paper Under Hardwood

Alaska: the heat is threatening a necropolis

buried in ice, then returned to air, and now at the mercy of the waves. This is the fate of the tombs of the Inupiat, the indigenous people of Alaska, which, having been preserved in ice for centuries are gradually reappearing on the surface. And if something does not change, will soon be under water more Hot Arctic Sea. It happens in Alaska, Nuvuk, or whatever his name now officially Point Barrow, the northernmost point of the United States. A real ghost town that was transformed into the archaeological site ten years ago when the ice is melting has uncovered the first bodies. To the delight of archaeologists who are now studying the material re-emerging. The bodies belong in fact residents of Nuvuk, and is likely to be the people of Thule, ancestors of today's Inupiat. The erosion of ice, with the sea regains ground walk, now threatens to torpedo the expectations for this important discovery. Nuvuk it is located at the junction point of two seas, to Beaufort and to Chuck, and the effects of global warming are being felt particularly here in only two thousand kilometers from the North Pole. Changes in currents and water temperatures in the surrounding area have established an erosion of the galloping rhythms, almost 20 meters per year the last five years. At this rate, the newly discovered archaeological sites in danger of falling into the water. And if the ice hides but keep the water permanently destroys the objects. The studies conducted so far have allowed us to observe that Thule Nuvuk were buried in wooden crates or whalebone and were often covered skins and furs. In the boxes were found a few tools and round stones, probably for ornamental use during the funeral. The tools scientists expect to obtain valuable information to reconstruct the history of Arctic peoples. The dating of the findings emerged from the ice has not yet been made but it is assumed that we can deal with a community settled in the area Nuvuk thousand years ago. Nuvuk was inhabited until the beginning of last century, when the few surviving men have abandoned and moved to nearby Barrow.

Pergamon Journal of Earth Observing