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AUSTRALIA, THE NEW WORLD

Australia, officially mind Commonwealth of Australia, is the nation's sixth-largest in the world (7,686,850 km2, the only one that occupies an entire continent and the largest in the whole of Oceania and Australasia. It has a population of 20,180,878 inhabitants (Census 2004). The capital is Canberra, the most populous cities are Sydney, Perth, Brisbane, Melbourne and Adelaide.
Being an island does not border other countries. Those closest are New Zealand in the south-eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and East Timor to the north.
The name Australia derives from the Latin phrase Terra Australis Incognita.

HISTORY
Australia is inhabited by about 42,000 to 48,000 years, ie since the ancestors of Australian Aborigines arrived today from today's South-East Asia. The land was discovered by Europeans until the eighteenth century, when it was sighted and visited by numerous expeditions (and therefore defined new world). The first in 1770 by Captain James Cook. That same year, eastern two-thirds of the continent was claimed by the United Kingdom, and initially colonized the New South Wales 26 January 1788 as a British penal colony. The rest were claimed by the United Kingdom in 1829. Most of the states which later federated to form the Australia however, were not born as a penal colony.
On 1 January 1901, comes the Commonwealth, or federation of Australia, as a rule within the British Empire. Australia was now independent, although the last legal ties with the United Kingdom were not severed until 1986. Australia is a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II as the reigning Queen of Australia. In 1999, the population was called upon to vote on a referendum to make a constitutional change and transform Australia into a republic with a president to replace the Queen as head of state, but was rejected.

GEOGRAPHICAL
Australia is bordered to the south by the Indian Ocean to the north by the Arafura Sea, north-east by the Coral Sea, north-west with the Sea of \u200b\u200bTimor, south- east by the Tasman Sea.
Most of the Australian territory is desert or semi-desert. 40% of the surface is covered by sand dunes. Only the ends of the country, south-east and south-west have a temperate climate and moderately fertile soil. The northern part of the state has a tropical climate. The Great Barrier Reef, by far the largest barrier reef in the world , lies a short distance from the coast north-east, while Uluru in central Australia is the largest monolith in the world.
This country has about 90% of Oceania. Australia has also the island of Tasmania, from which is separated by Bass Strait and is divided into three regions: the eastern part, where are the Australian Alps and the Great Dividing Range to the west, where there are some plateaus and desert areas, where the center is Lake Eyre, the largest of the state. In the desert area there are some typical Australian animals: the kangaroo, the devil macaque, the dingo, the koalas and emus.
The Australian landscape has 4 types of vegetation: the bush composed of up to 40 m tall eucalyptus trees; evil formed by eucalyptus trees no taller than 5 m in the mulga, made of acacia trees, plants, and finally made the scrub bushes low.
The time zone of the state varies from UTC +8 to UTC +10. Some islands come to UTC +11 and UTC +6.5.

CLIMATE, FLORA AND FAUNA
Although most of the continent is arid or semi-arid, Australia nevertheless includes the different types of habitats, from the peaks of the coral reef to rainforest. Because of the high age of the continent, the climate is very variable and its ancient island Geographically, the majority of Australia's animal and plant species are unique. The kangaroo, platypus, seals, the koala, the shrew, the Australian chicken, the emu and echidna aroused the wonder of the early European explorers. Australia is home to the 10 most poisonous snakes in the world, such as the Taipan, the king brown snake and death, however, fatal cases of bites are rare, as these animals prefer to flee rather than bite. The horses, sheep and cows were imported from mainland Europe but in recent times. In Australia there are more than 106 million sheep, nearly 5 per capita human! The rabbits and dingoes are a serious problem.

ORGANIZATION POLICY
The Commonwealth of Australia is a parliamentary monarchy: the Queen of Australia (that is, the Queen of the United Kingdom) is the official head of state and is represented by a governor general. In practice, the role of the crown (and then the governor-general) is largely ceremonial. The executive power theoretically represented by the Crown is exercised by a cabinet led by Prime Minister. The prime minister is almost always the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives, the lower house (with 150 seats) of the bicameral parliament. The members of the House of Representatives are elected in single-member constituencies. The upper house (76 seats) and the Senate, where each state is represented from 12 senators, regardless of population, territory and any two. The elections for both chambers are held every three years, typically with half of the Senate eligible for reelection.

STATES AND TERRITORIES
Australia is divided into six states and several territories.
The states are: South Australia, Western Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria. The two major territories are the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. Australia also has several smaller territories: the Jervis Bay Territory, New South Wales, administered as a naval base and seaport for the capital, several external territories inhabited: Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands and several largely uninhabited external territories: Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island, Ashmore and Cartier Islands and the Australian Antarctic territory.
The Australian Capital Territory was created at the place chosen for the capital Canberra. Canberra was established as a compromise between the two largest cities, Melbourne and Sydney.
Other major cities in Australia outback Alice Springs, Cairns and Brisbane (East Coast), Darwin (north coast), Perth (west coast) and Adelaide (south coast). The Australian population resides in cities of 85%. The state is a member of numerous international bodies like the UN, APEC and the Commonwealth.

ECONOMICS
Australia has a prosperous Western-style mixed economy, with per capita income level of the four dominant West European economies.
In recent years the Australian economy has faced a global crisis with steady growth. The growing production in the domestic economy has opposed the overall decline, and business and consumer confidence remained strong. Australia's emphasis on reforms is another key factor behind its economic strength.

POPULATION
Most of Australia's population is descended from immigrants of the nineteenth and twentieth century, initially and primarily from the United Kingdom and Ireland but later by other nations, especially Italy, Greece and Asian nations. The descendants of the original population, Indigenous Australians make up 2.2% of the population, according to the 2001 census. Common to many other developed nations, Australia is currently experiencing an aging population with more retirees and fewer people of working age. English is the language spoken in Australia, even if some of surviving Aboriginal communities maintain their native language, and a considerable number of first and second generation immigrants are bilingual.
Even if the nation is largely secular, and few practitioners, three quarters of Australians say they Christians, mainly Catholics or Anglicans. They also practiced a number of other religions.

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